Description

What is pancreatic cancer? Pancreatic cancer refers to the development of malignant (cancerous) cells in the tissues of the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach that produces enzymes to aid in digestion and hormones like insulin that regulate blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cancer is considered one of the most aggressive and deadly forms of cancer. It often goes undetected in its early stages and tends to spread rapidly to nearby organs and distant parts of the body. types of pancreatic cancer There are two main types of pancreatic cancer: Exocrine pancreatic cancer: This is the most common type, accounting for about 95% of pancreatic cancer cases. It starts in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas, which are responsible for producing digestive enzymes. Within this category, the most common subtype is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Endocrine pancreatic cancer (neuroendocrine tumors): This type is relatively rare and develops from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These tumors are called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or islet cell tumors. They can be functional, meaning they produce hormones that cause specific symptoms, or non-functional, meaning they do not produce hormones. What causes pancreatic cancer? The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is often unknown, but several risk factors have been identified that can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors include: Age: The risk of pancreatic cancer increases with age. The majority of cases are diagnosed in individuals over the age of 45, and the average age at diagnosis is 70. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Smokers are about two times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer compared to non-smokers. The risk decreases after quitting smoking, but it takes several years for the risk to approach that of a non-smoker. Family history and genetics: Having a family history of pancreatic cancer increases the risk of developing the disease. Certain inherited gene mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (known for increasing the risk of breast and ovarian cancers), as well as Lynch syndrome, can also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Chronic pancreatitis: Long-standing inflammation of the pancreas, a condition known as chronic pancreatitis, is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. This inflammation can be caused by factors such as heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, certain genetic conditions, or blockage of the pancreatic duct. Diabetes: Chronic diabetes, particularly if it develops later in life, has been associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. However, the relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer is complex and not fully understood. Obesity and poor diet: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. A diet high in red and processed meats, as well as low intake of fruits and vegetables, may also contribute to an increased risk. Occupational exposures: Certain occupational exposures, such as exposure to certain chemicals or pesticides, may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, although the evidence is limited and further research is needed to establish a clear link. It's important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean an individual will develop pancreatic cancer. Additionally, some people who develop pancreatic cancer may not have any known risk factors. The development of pancreatic cancer is typically multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. If you have concerns about your risk of pancreatic cancer, it is recommended to speak with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized information and guidance based on your specific situation. What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer? Pancreatic cancer can present with various signs and symptoms, although they may not be apparent in the early stages of the disease. As the cancer progresses, the following are common presentations of pancreatic cancer: Abdominal or back pain: This is one of the most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer. The pain may be constant or intermittent and is typically located in the upper abdomen or middle back. It may worsen after eating or lying down. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) can occur when the cancer blocks the bile ducts, leading to a buildup of bilirubin. This may cause yellowing of the skin, darkening of urine, pale stools, and itching. Unexplained weight loss: Significant and unexplained weight loss is often a noticeable symptom of pancreatic cancer. This weight loss can occur even with a normal or increased appetite.